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Portions of the lower limb shaft fragments are positioned close to the likely anatomical position of the burial pose (Fig. Most of the mid-abdominal region of the skeleton is missing, including the caudal aspect of the thorax, lumbar region, and pelvis. The shallow depth of the burial pit relative to the modern cave floor likely resulted in compression and fragmentation of much of the skeleton. The bony remains of the AVH-1 infant are heavily damaged due to surface trampling, water erosion, or chemical alteration. AMS radiocarbon dating of a vertebral arch provides a direct age of 10,211–9914 cal BP (95.4% probability Table S7).Īn inventory of skeletal remains is provided in Table S9 and the 3D coordinates for the plotted elements are included in Supplementary data file 1. The neurocranium, articulated right scapula and humerus, and articulated ribs and thoracic vertebrae indicate a supine body position with head to the west and lower limbs to the east (Fig. Significantly, AVH-1 represents the earliest female near-neonate interment documented in Eurasia and provides novel insights into how age and sex/gender influenced the construction of personhood among prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies.įull size image Skeletal remains, radiocarbon age, and biological profile
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Burials from the early Mesolithic are exceedingly rare or minimally documented 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and AVH-1 contributes essential data from this key period of prehistory.
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In Europe, the onset of the Holocene (at 11,700 cal BP) broadly coincided with the early Mesolithic, a cultural period likely to have catalyzed important social changes as humans adapted to significant environmental shifts following the end of the last Ice Age 8, 9. Here we report the burial of a young infant in Liguria (northwestern Italy)-Arma Veirana Hominin 1 (AVH-1 nicknamed “Neve”), directly dated to the early Holocene. Indeed, significant discussion persists concerning the recognition of infant personhood among prehistoric peoples 5, 6, 7. Thus, child funerary treatment provides important insights into who was considered a person and thereby afforded the attributes of an individual self, moral agency, and eligibility for group membership. Ethnographically, many cultures have delayed attribution of personhood to young children, holding them in a liminal state of humanity 1, 2, 3, 4. Mortuary practices offer a window into the worldviews and social structure of past societies. The Arma Veirana burial thus provides insight into sex/gender-based social status, funerary treatment, and the attribution of personhood to the youngest individuals among prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups and adds substantially to the scant data on mortuary practices from an important period in prehistory shortly following the end of the last Ice Age. The detailed biological profile of AVH-1 establishes the child as the earliest European near-neonate documented to be female. Associated artifacts indicate significant material and emotional investment in the child’s interment. Virtual dental histology, proteomics, and aDNA indicate that the infant was a 40–50 days old female.
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Here we report a richly-decorated young infant burial (AVH-1) from Arma Veirana (Liguria, northwestern Italy) that is directly dated to 10,211–9910 cal BP (95.4% probability), placing it within the early Holocene and therefore attributable to the early Mesolithic, a cultural period from which well-documented burials are exceedingly rare. The evolution and development of human mortuary behaviors is of enormous cultural significance.